Certified - CompTIA IT Fundamentals+

In this episode, we focus on storage systems that are accessed over a network rather than locally through internal drives. Specifically, we’ll look at Network Attached Storage—commonly called NAS—file servers, and the broader category of network-based storage technologies. These systems are designed to provide centralized access to files, allow multiple users to share and collaborate, and support backups and data redundancy across an organization or home. Understanding how these systems work, and how they differ from local storage, is a key skill for new IT professionals.
This content appears in Domain Two of the ITF Plus exam under storage and networking. You may see questions that ask when to use a NAS versus a file server, how access is configured, or which protocols are used for sharing. Scenario-based questions may describe a business need and require you to recommend a type of storage. Other questions may ask you to identify connectivity options, security settings, or backup methods. Developing a solid understanding of network-based storage prepares you for both the exam and everyday support tasks.
A NAS device is a dedicated piece of hardware that connects to a network and offers file storage services to other devices. It’s essentially a simplified, purpose-built server designed to provide shared access to storage. A NAS has its own operating system—usually a web-based interface—that lets you manage users, configure permissions, and monitor usage. Unlike a traditional external drive that connects over USB, a NAS connects over the network, allowing multiple users to access files simultaneously.
NAS systems are designed with convenience and usability in mind. They often include multiple drive bays so you can expand storage over time or create RAID arrays for redundancy. Many NAS units offer built-in apps for file sharing, media streaming, and backup. Web-based management tools allow administrators to set up new folders, create user accounts, or enable remote access without needing deep technical knowledge. Some NAS units even support email notifications for drive failures or updates.
The use cases for NAS span home and business environments. In a home, a NAS might serve as a media server that holds family photos, videos, and music. It could also back up computers automatically each night. In a business, a NAS is often used as a shared file repository where employees can store, access, and edit documents. This eliminates the need to email files back and forth and ensures that everyone can access the latest version in one central location.
A file server is another type of network storage, but unlike a NAS, it is usually a general-purpose computer configured to act as a storage hub. File servers can run Windows, Linux, or specialized server operating systems like FreeNAS or Windows Server. They may offer more flexibility and processing power than NAS devices, but require more configuration and maintenance. File servers are a common feature in enterprise networks, where advanced access controls, applications, and directory integration are needed.
Understanding the difference between NAS and file servers is critical. A NAS is simpler, easier to manage, and usually pre-configured for storage. It’s great for small teams, home users, or anyone who needs quick setup. File servers, by contrast, are more complex but also more versatile. They can run additional services, integrate with other systems, and support broader IT needs. In larger environments with centralized authentication or application hosting, a file server may be the better choice.
Network-based storage devices connect through standard networking methods such as Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi, or through secure remote access over Virtual Private Networks, or VPNs. Clients usually connect to shared folders by mapping a network drive or using shared file explorers. These storage systems may require authentication using a username and password and may include encryption depending on the setup. The underlying hardware is only part of the solution—the network plays a key role in performance and accessibility.
One of the biggest advantages of network storage is centralization. Rather than scattering documents across multiple desktops or relying on manual backups, network storage allows an organization to centralize its data. This simplifies security management, standardizes access permissions, and makes backups more reliable. If a user’s computer fails, their files can be restored quickly from the server. Central storage also allows multiple users to collaborate more efficiently, with fewer version control issues.
The protocols used by NAS and file servers define how data is shared across the network. Windows systems primarily use the SMB protocol—Server Message Block—for file sharing, while Linux systems often rely on NFS, or Network File System. File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, is another option for basic file movement, though it lacks modern security features unless combined with encryption. The chosen protocol can affect compatibility, performance, and even user experience depending on the operating system and application needs.
Redundancy and data protection are important reasons why businesses rely on NAS and file servers. Many of these systems support RAID—Redundant Array of Independent Disks—which allows data to be stored across multiple drives. Depending on the RAID level, this can provide either faster access, data duplication for safety, or both. Some NAS devices also offer cloud sync features that automatically back up data offsite, helping protect against physical damage or local disasters. These features are key to ensuring business continuity.
Access control and user permissions are essential for secure file sharing. Administrators can define exactly who can read, write, delete, or modify files within a network share. Permissions can be assigned by user, by group, or by folder. This prevents unauthorized access and accidental changes to critical files. On business networks, applying structured permissions is a daily task for IT support teams and a common exam scenario.
Scalability is another major benefit of network storage. NAS devices come in many sizes—from single-bay units for home use to large multi-bay systems used by businesses. File servers can scale even further, adding more hard drives, RAM, or network interfaces to meet growing demands. Whether an organization needs a few hundred gigabytes or dozens of terabytes, network storage can expand to meet the need without major disruption to users.
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Directory services such as Active Directory and LDAP are often integrated with file servers. This allows user authentication and access control to be managed centrally across an entire network. For example, a company can create one user account that grants access to email, file shares, and internal websites, simplifying management. NAS devices in business environments may also support these integrations, though with more limited features than a full file server.
Backup and synchronization features are built into most NAS and server platforms. Administrators can schedule automated backups to external drives or cloud services. Folder synchronization tools keep local and remote copies in sync, ensuring that work is preserved even if one location fails. These features reduce downtime, improve data protection, and make recovery simpler in case of accidental deletion or system failure.
Remote access is increasingly important in modern work environments. VPNs and secure web portals allow users to access NAS or file servers from anywhere, enabling hybrid work and mobile productivity. However, opening these systems to the internet introduces risk. Connections must be secured with encryption, user credentials must be strong, and devices should be regularly patched to prevent unauthorized access. Secure remote access is a balancing act between convenience and protection.
The ITF Plus exam may present scenarios where you're asked to choose between NAS and file servers based on user needs. For example, a small team needing shared file access with minimal setup might use NAS. A larger company with complex access requirements and directory integration might use a file server. Questions may also ask how users connect to shares or which protocol is in use. Reviewing these patterns ensures better exam readiness.
Network-based storage has some limitations. For large files, transfers over the network may be slower than using a local SSD or external USB drive. Performance also depends on network reliability and speed. If the network is congested or poorly configured, file access may be delayed. Additionally, weak security settings on network storage can expose data to unauthorized users. IT professionals must weigh these limitations against the benefits of centralized management.
Storage solutions differ between small business and enterprise environments. A small office may rely entirely on a single NAS device to store documents and backups. An enterprise may use dozens of file servers, layered with different levels of access, storage tiers, and backup systems. The complexity of the environment determines how much hardware, software, and staffing is needed. Understanding these variations helps support technicians scale their skills with the organization.
Both open-source and commercial NAS options are available. FreeNAS, now called TrueNAS, is a popular open-source platform that runs on standard PC hardware. It offers advanced features like ZFS file systems, snapshot backups, and network protocols. Commercial options like Synology or QNAP provide polished interfaces, vendor support, and hardware-software integration. Technicians may be asked to support or choose between these options based on budget, features, and reliability needs.
IT professionals are often responsible for configuring, managing, and supporting these systems. This includes creating user shares, setting permissions, applying software updates, monitoring disk space, and responding to storage-related errors. When users report problems accessing files or losing data, the support team must know how to diagnose both network and storage-related issues. Having a deep understanding of NAS and file server operation improves resolution speed and system stability.
To summarize, network-based storage solutions like NAS and file servers provide centralized, shared access to data for both home and business environments. These systems support file collaboration, data protection, and efficient management at scale. Understanding their differences, strengths, limitations, and use cases helps technicians choose the right tool for the job—and prepares learners for the types of questions and challenges they’ll face on the ITF Plus exam and beyond.